Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the benefits of Omega-3

   Numerous studies have taken place in recent years outlining the benefits of taking Omega-3. Below is a list of ailments and information including study references. Unfortunately, as our product is a new generation product, many of the current studies have focused on fish oil in their study groups.

   Attention increase within school children

   There are vast studies today demonstrating significant increase in levels of concentration in school children who have added Omega-3 supplementation to their daily diet. Generally from early years' right through to teenage years and beyond. The studies show undeniable results in children's attention and ability to be far greater than those children that don't. One study in particular outlines these findings at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/intelligenceandmemory/omega_three.shtml

   Behaviour in Young Offenders

   It is also thought that Omega -3 when given as supplements to young offenders in prison could help with improving behavior. Neuroscientist Professor John Stein, brother to chef Rick Stein who specialises in fish cuisine, shares the belief that there is direct links to this and is conducting studies to confirm his theories and results:
   http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7618888.stm

   Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD

   It is thought that children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD may have low levels of certain essential fatty acids including EPA and DHA in their bodies. A clinical study of nearly 100 boys showed that those with lower levels of Omega-3 fatty acids demonstrated more learning and behavioural problems than boys with normal Omega-3 fatty acid levels. Eating foods or supplementing foods high in Omega-3 fatty acids is the obvious approach for someone with ADHD A clinical study used Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acid supplementation in 117 children with ADHD. The study found significant improvements in reading, spelling, and behaviour in the children over the 3 months of therapy. A decrease in physical aggression in school children with ADHD has also been identified after taking Omega-3 supplementation. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   ADHD DHA/EPA vs Flax

   A study by Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada showed a dietary source of DHA and EPA are superior to the supplementation of flaxseed ALA in raising DHA / EPA levels. Flax oil supplementation resulted in an increase in alpha-LNA and a slight decrease in the ratio of AA/EPA, while fish oil supplementation resulted in increases in EPA, DHA and total Omega-3 fatty acids and a decrease in the AA/EPA ratio to values seen in the Japanese population. This data suggests that in order to increase levels of EPA and DHA in adults with ADHD, and decrease the AA/EPA ratio to levels seen in high fish consuming populations, high dose fish oil may be preferable to high dose flax oil.
   Reprod Nutr Dev 2005 Sep-Oct;455:549-58

   Breast Feeding

   Study of Breast feeding women given capsules containing a high-DHA algal oil approximately 200 mg DHA/d by US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center and the Meyer Center for Developmental Paediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA 'DHA supplementation of breastfeeding mothers results in higher infant plasma phospholipid DHA contents during supplementation and a higher Bayley Psychomotor Development Index at 30 months of age'
   Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Jul;821:125-32

   Chronic fatigue syndrome

   There is now evidence that major depression is accompanied by decreased levels of Omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA. There is a strong, co morbidity between major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome CFS Results from a study by M-Care4U Outpatient Clinics, and -the Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Belgium suggest that patients with CFS should respond favourably to treatment with - amongst other things - Omega-3 PUFAs, such as EPA and DHA.
   Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005 Dec 28;266:745-751

   Preeclampsia

   Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, 747 Broadway Suite 4 North, Seattle USA, conducted a case-control study in Lima, Peru, from June 1997 through January 1998 to assess whether alteration in maternal erythrocyte Omega-3 n-3 and Omega-6 n-6 fatty acids was associated with increased risk of preeclampsia. The results in the Peruvian women were that low erythrocyte n-3 fatty acids appeared to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. A similar pattern was observed for eicosapentenoic acid 20:5n-3, EPA and docosahexenoic acid 22:6n-3, DHA.
   Arch Gvnecol Obstet 2006 Mar 7

   Eating disorders

   Clinical studies suggest that men and women with anorexia nervosa have lower than optimal levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega-3 including ALA and GLA. To prevent the complications associated with essential fatty acid deficiencies, some experts recommend that treatment programs for anorexia nervosa include PUFA-rich foods such as fish and organ meats which include Omega-6 fatty acids.

   Burns

   Essential fatty acids Omega-3 have been used to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing in burn victims. Omega-3 promotes a healthy balance of protein in the body which in turn helps in fast recovery from burns. Dietary fatty acids alter the composition of cell membranes and the quantity and types of prostaglandins that are synthesized. Improving the ratio of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fatty acids enhances immune function and reduces inflammation. Omega-3 and Omega-6 compete with the pathways therefore one should decrease their Omega-6 intake.

   Skin disorders

   In one clinical study, 13 people with a particular sensitivity to the sun known as photo dermatitis showed significantly less sensitivity to UV rays after taking Omega-3 supplements. Research still indicates that sunscreens are much better at protecting the skin from damaging effects of the sun than Omega-3 fatty acids, however in another study of 40 people with psoriasis, those who were treated with medications and EPA supplements did better than those treated with the medications alone.

   Inflammatory bowel disease IBD

   Inflammatory bowel disease is a general term for patients who suffer from inflammation of the bowel and the rectum. The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

   Omega-3 supplements contain Omega-3 fatty acids that have anti-inflammatory properties, thereby reducing inflammation in the bowels. While researchers argue that the effects of Omega 3 supplements are limited to reducing inflammation and not preventing inflammation, many patients have benefited from the anti-inflammatory properties of Omega 3 supplements.

   Asthma

   In a small, clinical study of 29 children with asthma, those who took fish oil supplements rich in EPA and DHA for 10 months had improvement in their symptoms compared to children who took a placebo pill. Omega-6 fatty acids have the opposite effect, they tend to increase inflammation and worsen respiratory function 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC.

   A new study of the Omega-3's effect on exercise-induced asthma is yet another example of the benefits of this healthy type of fat. A study at Indiana University found that adults with mild-to-moderate persistent asthma who took an omega-3-rich fish oil supplement daily for three weeks improved their post-exercise lung function by 64 percent, allowing a 31 percent decrease in their use of emergency inhalers. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Macular Degeneration

   A study in the form of a questionnaire was performed to more than 3,000 people over the age of 49, found that those who consumed more fish in their diet were less likely to have macular degeneration a serious age-related eye condition that can progress to blindness than those who consumed less fish. Similarly, a clinical study comparing 350 people with macular degeneration to 500 without the eye disease found that those with a healthy dietary balance of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids and higher intake of fish in their diets were less likely to have this particular eye disorder. Another larger clinical study confirms that EPA and DHA from fish, 4 or more times per week may reduce the risk of developing macular degeneration. Notably, however, this same study suggests that ALA may actually increase the risk of this eye condition. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   High cholesterol

   Those who follow a Mediterranean-style diet tend to have higher high density lipoprotein HDL or "good" cholesterol levels. Similar to those who follow a Mediterranean diet, Inuit Eskimos, who consume high amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish, also tend to have increased HDL cholesterol and decreased triglycerides fatty material that circulates in the blood. In addition, fish oil supplements containing eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA have been reported in several large clinical studies to reduce low density lipoprotein LDL or "bad" cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Finally, walnuts which are rich in alpha linoleic acid or ALA have been reported to lower total cholesterol and triglycerides in individuals with high cholesterol levels 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC.

   High blood pressure

   Several clinical studies suggest that diets or supplements rich in Omega-3 fatty acids lower blood pressure significantly in individuals with hypertension. An analysis of 17 clinical studies using fish oil supplements found that supplementation with 3 or more grams of fish oil daily can lead to significant reductions in blood pressure in individuals with untreated hypertension. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Heart disease

   Omega-3 fatty acids can reduce high blood pressure and thereby reduce the risk of heart disease, according to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The study examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA on the elasticity of large arteries. Increased stiffness in these arteries can lead to hypertension and increased pulse pressure the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure. These factors are believed to contribute to heightened risk of heart disease.

   Normally found in fish, omega-3 fatty acids are also available in supplements. In the 7-week study, 38 middle-aged men and women with high levels of blood cholesterol were given an EPA supplement, a DHA supplement, or a placebo. While the placebo group showed no changes, improvements in systemic arterial compliance and triacylglycerol concentrations were seen in both supplement groups. Frank Grazian "Omega-3 Fatty Acids May Cut Heart Disease".

   Parkinsons disease

   Omega-3 fatty acids, already known for improving heart health, are now being credited for protecting the brain against Parkinson's disease, according to a study by Université Laval researchers in Canada.

   The study, led by Frederic Calon and Francesca Cicchetti, is the first to demonstrate the protective effect of a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids against the neurodegenerative disorder, the researchers claim.

   Parkinson's is caused by the progressive death of the neurons responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter closely linked with movement control. The disease is usually diagnosed when 50 to 80 percent of these neurons are already dead, and there is currently no medication to stop that process. An estimated 15 million Americans currently have the disease.

   "The study demonstrates both the importance of diet on the brain's fatty acid composition and the brain's natural inclination for omega-3 fatty acids," said Calon.

   The study is published in the online edition of the FASEB Journal, the journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

   Diabetes

   Individuals with diabetes tend to have high triglyceride and low HDL levels. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil can help lower triglycerides and apoproteins markers of diabetes, and raise HDL, so people with diabetes may benefit from eating foods or taking supplements that contain EPA and DHA.  ALA from flaxseed, for example may not have the same benefit as EPA and DHA because some people with diabetes lack the ability to efficiently convert ALA to a form of Omega-3 fatty acids that the body can use readily. There have been slight increases reported in fasting blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes while taking fish oil supplements. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Arthritis

   Most clinical studies investigating the use of Omega-3 fatty acid supplements for inflammatory joint conditions have focused almost entirely on rheumatoid arthritis. Several articles reviewing the research in this area conclude that Omega-3 fatty acid supplements reduce tenderness in joints, decrease morning stiffness, and allow for a reduction in the amount of medication needed for people with rheumatoid arthritis.

   In addition, laboratory studies suggest that diets rich in Omega-3 fatty acids and low in the inflammatory Omega-6 fatty acids may benefit people with other inflammatory disorders, such as osteoarthritis. In fact, several test tube studies of cartilage-containing cells have found that Omega-3 fatty acids decrease inflammation and reduce the activity of enzymes that destroy cartilage.

   An analysis was conducted of 17 randomized, controlled clinical trials assessing the pain relieving effects of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or joint pain caused by inflammatory bowel disease IBS and painful menstruation dysmenorrhea. The results suggest that Omega-3 fatty acids are effective treatment, along with conventional therapies such as anti-inflammatory drugs, for joint pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and dysmenorrhea. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Osteoporosis

   Clinical studies suggest that Omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA help increase levels of calcium in the body, deposit calcium in the bones, and improve bone strength. In addition, studies also suggest that people who are deficient in certain essential fatty acids particularly EPA and gamma-linoleic acid [GLA], an Omega-6 fatty acid are more likely to suffer from bone loss than those with normal levels of these fatty acids. In a study of women over 65 with osteoporosis, those given EPA and GLA supplements experienced significantly less bone loss over 3 years than those who were given a placebo. Many of these women also experienced an increase in bone density 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Bipolar disorder

   Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are considered distinct psychiatric conditions, although major depression occurs in both. A randomized controlled trial that assessed the effects of high doses of EPA 6.2 g/day + DHA 3.4 g/day in patients with bipolar disorder found that those supplemented with EPA + DHA had a significantly longer period of remission than those on an olive oil placebo over a 4-month period. Patients who took the EPA + DHA supplements also experienced less depression than those who took the placebo. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/othernuts/omega3fa/

   Depression

   People who do not get enough Omega-3 fatty acids or do not maintain a healthy balance of Omega-3 to Omega-6 fatty acids in their diet may be at an increased risk for depression. The Omega-3 fatty acids are important components of nerve cell membranes. They help nerve cells communicate with each other, which is an essential step in maintaining good mental health. In particular, DHA is involved in a variety of nerve cell processes.

   Levels of Omega-3 fatty acids were found to be measurably low and the ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids were particularly high in a clinical study of patients hospitalized for depression. In a clinical study of individuals with depression, those who ate a healthy diet consisting of fatty fish 2 - 3 times per week for 5 years experienced a significant reduction in feelings of depression and hostility. 2008 University of Maryland Medical Center UMMC

   Weight loss

   Many individuals who are overweight suffer from poor blood sugar control, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Clinical studies suggest that overweight people who follow a weight loss program that includes exercise tend to achieve better control over their blood sugar and cholesterol levels when fish rich in Omega-3 fatty acids such as salmon, mackerel, and herring is a staple in their low-fat diet.

   Obese people receiving supplements of omega-3 fatty acids while following a weight loss programme experienced a feeling of fullness for longer, says a new study "We show that the long chain omega-3 fatty acids can affect postprandial appetite sensations in volunteers during a period of weight loss induced by energy restriction," wrote lead author Dolores Parra in the journal Appetite, "The usefulness of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the nutritional treatment of obesity has to be investigated further, since they could improve the patients' compliance to changes in dietary habits required for weight loss and weight loss maintenance".

   With 50 per cent of Europeans and 62 per cent of Americans classed as overweight, the food industry is reacting to the epidemic and waking up to the potential of products for weight loss and management. And it would seem Omega-3 fatty acids may have a role to play if further studies support the positive results from the new study, reported by researchers from the University of Navarra, University of Iceland and University College Cork.

   Menstrual pains

   Premenstrual syndrome PMS is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms which are related to the menstrual cycle. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA, and the Omega-6 fatty acid GLA, have several health-giving properties; as well as nourishing phospholipid cell membranes, these highly unsaturated fatty acids act as powerful free radical-scavenging antioxidants. Fatty acids provide a natural boost to the immune system which is often depressed whilst women are menstruating.

   In one double-blind placebo-controlled trial, menstrual pain dysmenorrhea was inversely associated with Omega-3 fish oil intake. The study found that Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil substantially decreased menstrual cramps, which are believed to be prostaglandin-mediated. By supplementing the diet with pure EPA, the body is able to convert the EPA into DHA as and when the body needs it, without interfering with the healthy production of the anti-inflammatory eicosanoids.

   Studies suggest that Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation particularly EPA may be beneficial in helping to balance the brain chemicals serotonin and dopamine, which are thought to be affected by the pre-menstrual fall in the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone prior to bleeding. These chemicals are responsible for the changes in mood, particularly affecting those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD - the most extreme form of PMS.

   Beat Prostate Cancer Nutritionally

   Better Omega-3 to Omega-6 ratio could cut prostate cancer risk by increasing Omega-3 fatty acid levels, and decreasing levels of Omega-6. Over half a million new cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed every year world wide, and the cancer is the direct cause of over 200,000 deaths. More worryingly, the disease is increasing with a rise of 17 per cent over 15 years. The new study adds to a growing body of evidence linking an increased Omega-3 to Omega-6 intake ratio to improved health. In March researchers from the Paterson Institute, a cancer research institute funded by British charity Cancer Research UK and affiliated with the University of Manchester reported that Omega-6 fats increased the spread of prostate tumour cells into bone marrow, while Omega-3 fatty acids were seen to block this invasion British Journal of Cancer, doi: 101038/sjbjc6603030.

   Lead researcher Professor William Aronson from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA says "We may be able to use EPA and DHA supplements while also reducing Omega-6 fatty acids in the diet as a cancer prevention tool or possibly to reduce progression in men with prostate cancer,"  he goes on to say "This study strongly suggests that eating a healthier ratio of these two types of fatty acids may make a difference in reducing prostate cancer growth" said Aronson.

   Colon cancer

   Consuming significant amounts of foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids appears to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. For example, Eskimos, who tend to follow a high-fat diet but eat significant amounts of fish rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, have a low rate of colorectal cancer. Animal Laboratory studies have found that Omega-3 fatty acids prevent worsening of colon cancer while Omega-6 fatty acids promote the growth of colon tumours'. Daily consumption of EPA and DHA also appeared to slow or even reverse the progression of colon cancer in people with early stages of the disease.

   Beat Prostate Cancer by Getting Your Omega 3s        

   Foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids may help prevent prostate cancer from spreading Omega-6 fats, the kind found in most vegetable oils, increased the spread of tumour cells into bone marrow. However, the spread was blocked by Omega-3 fats, suggesting that a diet rich in Omega-3 fatty acids could potentially inhibit the disease in men with early stage prostate cancer. Part of the study involved testing the reaction of cancer cells with DHA and EPA individually, and the only success was observed when DPA was mixed with EPA Prostate cancer, which is the third most common cancer in men, is more treatable if it is diagnosed before it has a chance to spread. British Journal of Cancer March 7, 2006

   There are numerous studies on Omega- 3 from algae showing how vital it can be in the quest for optimum health, such as a study conducted by The Chinese University of Hong Kong, which found that DHA from cultured micro alga was effective in controlling cancer cell growth. A study conducted by the University of Alberta in Canada found that feeding pre-term infants formulas containing DHA and arachidonic acid from algal and fungal oils resulted in enhanced growth.

   Omega 3 Fats Curb Growth of Liver Cancer

   A study compared the effect of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fats on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, the most common cause of all liver cancers up to 90 percent and usually fatal within six months, for up to two days. No surprise, Omega-6 fats had no effect on cancer cells, but the Omega-3's, in the form of docosahexaenoic acid DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid EPA - induced apoptosis programmed cellular death. In a second study, Omega-3 fats were just as effective in treating cholangiocarcinoma tumor cells, an aggressive and fatal type of liver cancer that forms in bile ducts. One of the best things you can do for your health and to reduce your risk of cancer is to take high quality Omega-3 oil. RxPG NEWS April 2006

   Omega 3s Stop Breast Cancer

   Research presented at the American Institute for Cancer Research's July, 2005 conference on diet and cancer showed that Omega-3 fats, when part of an overall low-fat pre-puberty diet, reduced growth of the breast cells most likely to develop cancer and increased the activity of genes responsible for DNA repair. While a low-fat diet rich in Omega-3s was linked with less DNA damage, girls who consumed a high-fat diet and the same amount of Omega-3 fat experienced greater DNA damage. In September last year, Japanese researchers published the results of a study designed to find any association between various dietary fatty acids and breast cancer risk. From 1988 to 1990, 26,291 women aged 40-79 participated in the Japan Collaborative Cohort JACC Study. The women completed a questionnaire on dietary and other factors. The researchers analyzed the women's health status seven years later, and found that the 25 percent of women who ate the most marine Omega-3s enjoyed a significant decrease in risk, compared with the 25 percent of women who ate the least.

   Anti ageing

   There are incredible benefits to reduce the signs of ageing by taking Omega-3's, but only if they are the right ones. It's vital to cut back on Omega-6 fatty acids, which are generally found in meats and dairy products, which is quite difficult by Western standards.

   By taking EPA fatty acids the benefits on your skin, includes:

   • It can prevent wrinkles from forming. Too much sun is bad for the skin because of the harmful UV rays but scientists have proved that fish oil can reduce the damage from overexposure to the sun. Their studies show that fish oil containing EPA reduces this damage. This is a breakthrough in the medical world of science due to the huge rise in skin cancers which mostly is caused from too much exposure to the suns rays.
   • It can diminish inflammation and help your body to produce anti-inflammatory prostaglandin which is basically a posh way of saying it will stop the inflammations from coming back.
   • It can also reduce the production of androgens; these are hormones that influence the production of sebum, this is found in the hair follicles. If you suffer from acne it could be because of too much sebum in your body an excess amount of sebum causes acne and other skin problems. Source: www.helium.com

2. What are good and bad fats

   Unfortunately there are a lot of misunderstandings about fats not all fats are bad and in fact the role they play throughout human physiology makes them an essential component to the diet as well as forming one of the recognised macronutrients

   When it comes to planning a healthy diet, fat is a complex subject therefore it's useful to understand some basic information. Fats are especially crucial in brain health, as 60% of the brain is made up of fat.

   DHA docosahexaenoic acid, is the most prominent fat in the brain, making up 25-35% of brain matter. This is vitally important when it comes to pregnancy and the developing brain of the foetus. DHA is transferred from the mother into the foetus; therefore the mother's diet is of high importance to ensure these essential fatty acids are being passed through to baby.

   DHA is found naturally in breast milk too and babies whose diets include an abundance of essential fats benefit in terms of early development.

   Researchers found that infants born to mothers with higher blood levels of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid DHA at delivery had advanced levels of attention spans well into their second year of life. During the first six months of life, these infants were two months ahead of those babies whose mothers had lower DHA levels. www.webmd.com

   Fats and oils belong to a family of organic compounds called 'lipids' At room temperature lipids are liquid and are called oils and those, which are solid are called fats. Most dietary lipids' consist of chains and with there being so many fats, these chains vary mainly due to their structure and in layman terms described as either short, medium or long chains  A different shape means a different function in the body and it's these chains that are broken down into different categories of fats:

   Saturated fats bad fats

   These fat chains consist of chains which are saturated' or full with hydrogen which gives them distinct properties in that they have a straight structure. Saturated fatty acids therefore are a solid structure at room temperature, since they are able to pack tightly together with little space between them.

   Saturated fats are bad fats. They raise cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.  In fact they are twice as potent at raising your bad cholesterol levels as polyunsaturated fats are at lowering them. It is difficult to eliminate these fats from your diet but one way to reduce them is to choose fat free milk and other low fat dairy products.

   Common sources of saturated fats can be found in foods such as meats, whole milk, cheese, palm kernel oil and coconut oil.

   Monounsaturated good fats

   Monousaturated oils contain fatty acids. They are considered good fats because the body is able to recognise the distinct shape and length of the various fatty acids and utilise them accordingly. Diets high in monounsaturated fats are said to help reduce LDL cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and blood pressure and to help control diabetes and therefore also help to reduce the risk of CHD Coronary Heart Disease.

   The body's tissues are able to synthesise monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids where necessary.

   These good fats are found in food like; olives, olive oil, peanut oil, avocados, cashews, canola oil, hazelnuts, peanuts, macadamia nuts, pistachios, pine nuts, seeds and chicken fat.

   Polyunsaturated good fats Omega 3 and Omega 6

   Polyunsaturated fats are also considered good fats and are said to reduce triglycerides, inflammations and tumour growth. They also help to improve immune function and help protect against sudden death from heart disease.

   Polyunsaturates have two main sub-divisions which are considered essential to the daily diet as the body is unable to synthesise them itself. For this reason, Omega-3's must be consumed by eating certain foods or by dietary supplements.

   These fatty acids are particularly important as they act as precursors to local hormone like substances called prostaglandins, which act as potent regulators of metabolism within the cells.

   The effects of prostaglandins reach far into the body and therefore a deficiency in these particular fatty acids can lead to poor health.

   Polyunsaturated fats can be broken down into two categories: Omega- 3 and Omega-6.

   The Omega-3 family includes two groups: long-chain and short-chain. The difference between long-chain and short-chain Omega-3's is found in the way the body processes these important nutrients. While both varieties are healthy, long-chain Omega-3's are more efficient and act faster in the body than the short-chain Omega-3's.. It's been suggested a person would have to consume six to ten times the amount of short chain Omega-3's to get the health benefits of one recommended dose of long-chain Omega-3's Gerard Hornstra, PhD, Professor of Experimental Nutrition, Maastricht University.

   In addition, long-chain Omega-3's contain both eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docsahexaenoic acid DHA. Long-chain Omega-3's or EPA & DHA comes from algae - fish consume algae as part of their natural diet and this is why historically fish have been the only source where these oils have been derived from It is found in fish such as salmon, mackerel, trout, tuna, sardines, and herring.

   The combination of these two long-chain Omega- 3's generates even more protective health benefits than short-chain Omega-3's alone. Short-chain Omega-3's are found in plant sources such as canola and flaxseed oils, and smaller amounts in soybean oil and walnuts.

   Omega-6 can be found abundantly in our vegetable cooking oils like safflower oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, but not olive oil. They're also common ingredients in many of the foods we consume, which is why most of us have a heavily imbalanced ratio of Omega-6's to 3's for example nuts, beans and soft margarine.

   Trans bad fats

   Trans fats were invented as scientists began to "hydrogenate" liquid oils so that they can withstand heat better in food production process and provide a better shelf life.
   As a result of hydrogenation, trans fatty acids are formed. Trans fatty acids are found in many commercially packaged foods, commercially fried food such as French Fries from some fast food chains, other packaged snacks such as microwaved popcorn as well as in vegetable shortening and hard stick margarine. Frozen pastry, cakes, tarts, rising pizza, crackers, cookies, shortening, stick margarine, hydrogenated oils and vegetable oils that have been subjected to heat-damage during cooking are packed with trans fats.

   The body does not recognise these fatty acids as their shape is entirely foreign as the structure of the molecule has been altered through the application of heat, the fat is unable to be used and as a result become extremely damaging to the structure and function of the tissue.

   Trans fats without doubt are the ugly fats to avoid, they raise bad cholesterol LDL and lower good cholesterol HDL. They increase the risk of heart disease and stroke and are damaging to the structure and function of tissue and very importantly the trans fats are then in the way of the more useful fats, therefore some cellular functions are blocked as a result. Some experts go as far to say that they believe trans fats are closer in structure to plastic than fat.

   In summary, some fats are essential for a healthy diet. However, the quantity of even the good fats you consume is important.

   For more information, including how much fat you should be eating, visit www.heartandstroke.ca or www.americanheart.org

3. What is EPA & DHA

   EPA,  EE-ko-sa--pehn-ta-NO-ic .A 20-5n3 fatty acid 20 carbon and 5 double bonded Omega-3 fatty acid		DHA, do-ko-sa-HEX-eh-noic.  A C22-6n3 fatty acids 22 carbon and 6 double bonded Omega-3 fatty acid

   The family of fat's can be complex to understand. To make it simple imagine two different families of fat - saturated fat and unsaturated fat. Saturated fat like butter is packed with hydrogen atoms, making it solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fat like olive oil contains fewer hydrogen atoms, so it is liquid at room temperature.

   The family of unsaturated fat includes two categories: monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat. In the polyunsaturated fat they are divided again under the heading PUFA's Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid's called Omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and it is in particular the types of Omega-3 that form EPA & DHA that has the most beneficial health benefits.

   Types of Omega-3s

   There are actually three types of fatty acids that are collectively referred to as Omega-3's: ALA alpha-linoleic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic, and DHA docosahexaenoic acid and they are extremely important to your health. Omega-3's are "essential" fatty acids, because they are necessary for health and must be included in your diet because the human body cannot manufacture them on its own.

   The Omega-3 family includes two groups: long-chain and short-chain with short-chain being ALA alpha-linoleic acid and the long-chain being EPA eicosapentaenoic, and DHA docosahexaenoic acid and the difference between long-chain and short-chain Omega-3's is found in the way the body processes these important nutrients While both varieties are healthy, long-chain Omega-3's are more efficient and act faster in the body than the short-chain Omega-3's. It's within the long chain Omega-3's that we find both eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docsahexaenoic acid DHA that hold the key to numerous health benefits

4. What is alga / algae

   Algae or alga plural is one of the most abundant organisms known to man.  They account for 80% of all the oxygen we breathe and 80% of the food we eat.

   The most complex algae of both the red and green versions, are called seaweeds, and can be found washed up on beaches around the world Algae, along with cyanobacteria, are the primary producers of the marine ecosystem, and are consumed by a wide variety of organisms, especially filter feeders Most photosynthesis in the oceans takes place in the upper 100 m 328 ft Below this, the water gets progressively darker until it is pitch black, and no photosynthesis can occur Those animals that live deep in the oceans depend on dead algae or small animals floating down from above.

   We are still finding out more about these amazing organisms.

5. Why not just take flaxseed oil

   ALA		EPA		DHA

   ALA, EPA & DHA are all Omega-3 fatty acids but their unique structure is entirely different therefore making it more difficult to extract the Omega-3 from the ALA fatty acid. Flaxseed is good for you however choosing EPA & DHA is the choice to make.

   ALA or EPA & DHA

   Deborah Palmer Keenan, adds the point They are not the same thing, we have to stop talking about Omega-3's and talk about EPA & DHA and ALA as a separate fatty acid. EPA & DHA come from fish oils. Both play an important role in normal function of the heart, brain, eyes, nervous system, kidney and liver. These essential' fats have also been proved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and inflammation.'

   Jay Whelan, a professor of nutrition and Omega-3 researcher at the University of Tennessee explains also If you get ALA from walnuts, flaxseed or canola oil, it can be beneficial because it gets converted to DHA & EPA, but that's only if ALA is already lacking in your diet, which it probably isn't. And eating more ALA just for it to be converted to EPA & DHA is not recommended'.

   Conversion to EPA & DHA

   Simple illustrations depicting the 3 Omega's
   
   A study by Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada showed a dietary source of DHA and EPA are superior to the supplementation of flaxseed ALA in raising DHA / EPA levels
   Flax oil supplementation resulted in an increase in alpha-LNA and a slight decrease in the ratio of AA/EPA, while fish oil supplementation resulted in increases in EPA, DHA and total Omega-3 fatty acids and a decrease in the AA/EPA ratio to values seen in the Japanese population.

   Conversion findings

   Comments by Flax Council of Canada on Conversion of LNA

   LNA is converted to the long-chain Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and docosapentaenoic acid DPA7. Efficiency of Conversion of LNA.  Conversion of LNA to EPA in humans reportedly ranges from a low of 02% to a high of 8%7,10. The 40-fold difference in these conversion rates may be due to differences in study they admit.

   The fact that LNA conversion to EPA, DPA, and DHA is affected by gender, smoking, and diet suggests that people differ in their metabolic capacity for LNA conversion Clearly, LNA conversion is more complex than was originally thought Studies are needed to determine the diet and lifestyle patterns that enhance LNA conversion to the long-chain Omega-3 fatty acids.

   Increasing recognition of the importance of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, to cardiovascular health, and in the case of DHA to normal neurological development in the foetus and the newborn, has focused greater attention on the dietary supply of these fatty acids. The reason for low intakes of EPA and DHA in most developed countries 0.1-0.5 g/d is the low consumption of oily fish, the richest dietary source of these fatty acids. An important question is whether dietary intake of the precursor n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid alphaLNA, can provide sufficient amounts of tissue EPA and DHA by conversion through the n-3 PUFA elongation-desaturation pathway. alphaLNA is present in marked amounts in plant sources, including green leafy vegetables and commonly-consumed oils such as rape-seed and soyabean oils, so that increased intake of this fatty acid would be easier to achieve than via increased fish consumption. However, alphaLNA-feeding studies and stable-isotope studies using alphaLNA, which have addressed the question of bioconversion of alphaLNA to EPA and DHA, have concluded that in adult men conversion to EPA is limited approximately 8% and conversion to DHA is extremely low <0.1%. In women fractional conversion to DHA appears to be greater 9%, which may partly be a result of a lower rate of utilisation of alphaLNA for beta-oxidation in women. However, up-regulation of the conversion of EPA to DHA has also been suggested, as a result of the actions of oestrogen on Delta6-desaturase, and may be of particular importance in maintaining adequate provision of DHA in pregnancy. The effect of oestrogen on DHA concentration in pregnant and lactating women awaits confirmation. Hihj Sinclair Unit Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, UK. c.m.williams@reading.ac.uk http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441943

   The enzymatic conversion of ALA to EPA has been described to occur at the endoplasmic reticulum, while the conversion to DHA requires peroxisomes Sprecher, 2002. The rate limiting reaction is the initial desaturation by delta-6-desaturase at the 6th carbon position, followed by addition of a carbon-carbon bond elongation and desaturation at the 5th carbon position to form EPA. EPA is next converted to DPA by the addition of another carbon-carbon bond. Synthesis of DHA requires further addition of a carbon-carbon bond to form 24:5n-3 and further delta-6 desaturation to form 24:6n-3. Synthesis of DHA requires the translocation of 24:6n-3 to peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum where the fatty acid chain is shorten to 22:6n-3 DHA via ß-oxidation Burdge, 2004. 

   The amount of ALA that converts to EPA and DHA

   Numerous studies have been done to assess the conversion rate of ALA to the biologically active fatty acids EPA and DHA. Evidence has been gathered from primarily two types of studies, those where an oral flax supplement is given to healthy volunteers, and the concentration of EPA and DHA is measured in the blood, and those where volunteers are given a bolus of ALA which is labeled with a stable isotope. Of the studies conducted; ALA conversion to EPA was on average 3.8%, and the conversion to DHA was a mere 1% - refer to table 1 for details Petra et al. 2005; Burdge, et al. 2003; Fokkema et al, 2000; Burdge, et al 2002; Burdge , Jones & Wooton, 2002; Pawlosky, et al. 2001; Harper, et al. 2006; Goyens et.al, 2006, Hussein, et al. 2005; Tarpila, et al. 2002; Emken et al, 1994; Petra et al, 2005.

   Scientific analysis of ALA conversion has led to several methodological challenges. Many studies have used doses of flax which are unrealistically high and would in fact cause severe weight gain if administered long term Nordstrom, et. al 1995. Additionally, factors such as cohort size, outcome measurement, and the control of characteristics such as weight and diet among each participant have complicated the interpretation and comparison of results.

   What affects the conversion of ALA

   The human body is inefficient at converting ALA into EPA and DHA, and what is converted, is highly variable and inconsistent due to several bioconversion factors. ALA is affected by a diverse array of metabolic factors such as carbon recycling, oxidation and desaturation Delany, et al. 2000; Vermunt et al. It is also greatly affected by dietary factors such as the amount of saturated fatty acids, the amount of LA, the ratio of saturated to polyunsaturated fats Layne et al, 1996 and the amount of cholesterol Garg et al, 1988. Additionally, a significant amount of ALA is either found distributed throughout several major tissue lipid pools, such as adipose, carcass, and skin, or as mentioned is destined for b-oxidation, rendering it useless for conversion Burdge et al, 2005. Perhaps the most significant factor in ALA metabolism is the competitive inhibitor linolenic acid LA, the omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid precursor. LA and ALA both require delta-6-desaturase activity to form their longer chain derivatives, and because LA is found extensively in the human diet, a greater net conversion of LA to its longer chain fatty acid arachidonic acid AA occurs, diminishing the net conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA Chan et al, 1993.

   Conclusion

   Given the extreme variability in ALA metabolism, its inefficient conversion, and the numerous extraneous variables affecting its elongation and desaturation, a direct source of EPA and DHA is the obvious choice for these beneficial and essential fatty acids. www.ascentahealth.com

   One small study showed that the women involved were able to convert an average of 36% of the ALA they were given into long chain derivatives 21% EPA, 6% DPA, and 9% DHA. Another small study with men, showed that they converted an average of 16% of the ALA they received into long-chain derivatives 8% EPA and 8% DPA but no DHA although another study did show that men do convert ALA to DHA just as well.

   Research has also proven that as quantities of dietary DHA increased, synthesis of DHA from ALA decreased but was not totally suppressed, even when the DHA levels are increased to very high concentrations. This means that the natural ability to convert ALA to DHA diminishes as more supplemental DHA is taken in but does not stop entirely. Studies conducted in Japan confirmed these findings. Ten months of feeding ALA to elderly volunteers ages 67-91 showed serum increases of DHA. This surprised researchers since the regular intake of long-chain omega-3s from fish had been very high. The conclusion was that DHA synthesis from ALA is a continuing process and the body adjusts to fulfill essential brain functions. http://www.innvista.com/HEALTH/nutrition/fats/fishoils/reason5.htm

6. What is the RDA of Omega-3 

   Unfortunately, there are no RDA's recommended daily allowances of Omega-3's. There are however guidelines that different countries and regions have adopted Omega-3 acids and their properties are the subject of hundreds of pieces of research each year, so nutritional recommendations are constantly changing and being updated.

   Some countries and international organisations such as the World Health Organisation WHO and the French Agency for Food Safety Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments: AFSSA have issued recommendations supporting a daily dose of 02g of Omega-3.

   According to the Scientific Advisory Commission, eating a minimum of 045g 450mg of long-chain fatty acids a day, or 3g 3,000mg a week, as part of a healthy, balanced diet, will help keep your heart in good shape, according to the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition SACN and Committee on Toxicity COT.

7. When should I take Omega-3 supplements

   Always with food or immediately after to ensure digestive good fats' are in the stomach to allow the product to be absorbed into the body. You can take the entire daily dose at once if you wish or space out throughout the day with food.

   Note - When to take your Omega-3 supplements is very important. For many it may be a simple habit of getting out of bed, get ready for work, skipping breakfast only to replace with gulping down your supplements with a large glass of water. To get the maximum absorption from the product it is very important to take them after food.

   Why Firstly, once you have slept for the best part of 8 hours on average, it could easily have been a couple of hours before going to sleep when you last ate. Secondly, the enzymes in your lower intestine therefore have no food and in particular good fats' to start the digesting process off. If you take your supplements with water alone on an empty stomach, all that will occur is that it will follow through the remainder of the digestive system and eventually be flushed away with little or no absorption of the product taking place.

   If you do skip breakfast then leave taking your capsules until the end of the day when your stomach has plenty of food to help the digestion process.

   Note to vegetarians and vegans: ensure your fats in the form of dairy, seeds and nuts are sufficient throughout the day for maximum benefit of the product.

8. How long before I can see results of Omega-3

   We are all different. Some people see an improvement within just a few days. Other individuals may take a little longer over a few weeks however with constant intake the benefits will undoubtedly be seen.

9. Can I take more Omega-3 if I want to

   Yes you can. However, if you want to get your EPA and DHA from fish oils, beware of the issues with heavy metals and toxins.

10. When shouldn't I take Omega 3

    V-Pure Omega-3 oil is suitable for everyone, however if you are taking warfarin a blood thinning drug then always speak to your doctor prior to taking any supplements. Also, serious complications can occur if Omega-3s are taken with anticoagulant medications or antihypertensive agents.

11. What are the disadvantages of fish oils

    Concerns have grown during the past several decades about toxic contaminants in fish. Recommendations from experts vary about how much fish to eat. Some claim that the benefits outweigh the risks. However, the FDA's official advice is to eat fish twice a week, but not more often. This limit is especially important for young children and women who are pregnant or may become pregnant, because these toxins can impair neurological development.

    Contaminants in fish can include mercury, other heavy metals including arsenic, industrial by-products such as dioxins, industrial compounds such as PCBs, and pesticides such as DDT Levels of various contaminants vary by species, by locale, and whether the fish are wild or farmed.

    For example, mercury is lowest in salmon and highest in swordfish see table below. In recent years, farmed salmon has been shown to contain more toxic chemicals than wild salmon, largely because of contaminants in the foods they are given. While some suppliers are taking steps to improve salmon farming conditions, it is not clear how widespread these changes are in the industry.

    Average Mercury Concentration in Various Fish and Shellfish

    Fish/Shellfish	parts per million
    Swordfish	097
    Albacore tuna	035
    American lobster	031
    Chunk light tuna	012
    Cod	011
    Pollock	006
    Catfish	005
    Salmon	001

    Source: Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management; Food and Drug Administration

    Safety Issues / Dangers with Fish Oils

    Besides the type and source of Omega-3 fatty acids, lately there have been concerns over the risks of consuming fish-origin versus plant-origin PUFA's. Some types of fish contain high levels of mercury, PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and other environmental contaminants. Some species of fish may contain significant levels of methylmercury, considered one of the more dangerous food contaminants today. In general, older, larger predatory fish and marine mammals, such as swordfish and seals, tend to contain the highest levels of these contaminants. 2 PCBs and methylmercury are believed to have long half-lives in the body and can accumulate in people who consume contaminated fish on a frequent basis. In the case of PCBs, it is recommended that consumers reduce their exposure to these contaminants by removing the fat from the fish before cooking them; however, methylmercury represents a more serious problem because it is distributed throughout skin, muscle and organs of the fish.

    The Food and Drug Administration regulates the safety of all commercial fish, including ocean-caught, farm-raised and imported fish. One example is the recommendation for pregnant women and nursing mothers to limit their consumption of sport-caught fish to one 6oz meal per week.

    The Environmental Protection Agency recommends that young children consume less than 2oz of sport-caught fish per week.

    Cod Liver Oil in Cancer Scare

    [From the Times United Kingdom March 2006]

    "Thousands of packs of cod liver oil and other supplements have been withdrawn from shops after high levels of cancer - causing dioxins were found in them Valerie Elliott writes. Routine tests on Seven Seas high and extra-strength cod liver oil capsules found dioxin levels of 27mcg per kg. Other joint-care and concentration-enhancing capsules were also contaminated Seven Seas blamed IncrOmega an ingredient supplied by another company.

    "The Food Standards Agency said that dioxins were common in the environment but Alan Boobis, professor of biochemical pharmacology at Imperial College, London, who sits on government's Committee on Toxicity, said that high intake over a long period could affect pregnant women and their babies"

    http://wwwtimesonlinecouk/article/0,,8122-2086713,00html

    Disclaimer: It's always best to consult your doctor before talking any supplements as they will know you medical history and offer the best advice. 

12. Is Omega-3 good for pets

    We were pleasantly surprised to find that some of our customers were giving V-Pure Omega-3  to their cats and dogs, we weren't sure if it helped with the animals' concentration levels or mental ability as they couldn't tell us, on a more visible note, V-Pure oil did however help to alleviate dermatological conditions such dermatitis and eczema.

13. How should Omega-3 be stored

    Omega-3 is destroyed by, light, air, heat or humidity.

    If you live in a hot country, its best to keep the product refrigerated. If not, it's very stable at room temperature, keep it out of direct sunlight and don't expose the oil to the air or humidity.

14. How does V-Pure Omega-3 differ from other Omega-3 oils

    The Oil

    V-Pure is totally unique; it's a new generation of Omega-3 and the only Omega-3 algae oil on the market today that has both EPA and DHA   V-pure algae is organically grown in controlled conditions away from the sea, so it doesn't interfere with the marine ecosystem and doesn't impact on either fish stocks or their natural food source

    The Capsule shell

    Unlike conventional soft gelatin capsules, the V-Pure capsule is made of pure vegetable origin and does not contain any animal derived constituents therefore they are the capsules of choice for vegetarians and vegans.

    They are solvent-free, free of genetically modified organisms, they bear no risk regarding mad cow disease and they fulfill the highest hygienic standards. They are tamper proof. Once made, they cannot be re-opened. There is no spill or leakage. There are no air bubbles therefore preventing any oxidisation taking place.

    Food sensitivity and allergies

    V-Pure Omega-3 oil is free from wheat, dairy, sugar, and all GM genetically modified ingredients. V-Pure Omega-3 oil is free from all animal produce, derivatives or by-products, toxins & contaminants. People who are allergic to fish oil are generally people allergic to the fish proteins.

    We have been delighted to note that a number of our customers who have taken V-pure whom are allergic to either fish oil, have not had any adverse effects.

    Disclaimer: It's always best to consult your doctor before talking any supplements as they will know you medical history and offer the best advice. 

    Shelf life

    V-Pure Omega-3 oil has up to a 2 year shelf life from the date of manufacture. V-Pure Omega-3 oil is extremely stable once the oil has been encapsulated and there are no air bubbles which would cause oxidation.

    Analysis

    V-Pure has been tested by a gas chromatography test by an independent laboratory.

    The oil has been analysed for toxins, contaminates and the concentrations of EPA & DHA long chain Fatty acids. 

    Less oxidation / rancidity

    Oxidation and rancidity is avoided by the use of nitrogen flushing when the oil is both stored and when encapsulated. The capsules are also free from air bubbles so the oil is very stable when in capsules.

15. Mother, baby, infants and children's doses

    Omega 3 essential fatty acids are needed for normal growth and development in children. Of primary importance is the omega 3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is essential for the development the brain, eyes and nervous system. Babies especially need DHA in order for their brains to form and function. In the last three months of pregnancy, the baby’s brain and retina develop and the baby continues to need high levels of essential fatty acids throughout the first two years of life, as they continue to grow brain tissue.

    In fact Omega 3 is required throughout our lives, from baby to adult.

    What are the RDA’s (recommended daily allowances)

    There are no RDA’s established for either Adults or children. Fortunately, it is nearly impossible to take too much omega 3 DHA and EPA.

    We recommend:
    *Mothers, pregnant or breast feeding 400-500mg per day.
    Babies 140mg per day (pierce a capsule and add to milk, yoghurt or food).
    Infant over 3 years old 200mg (1 capsule per day) add to milk, yoghurt or food.

    *If you are breast feeding and taking V-Pure there’s no need to give your baby any additional V-Pure oil, as you will be feeding your baby through your breast milk.
    *If you stop breast feeding and you’re feeding your baby infant formula, add a ¾ of a capsule of V-Pure oil to yoghurt, milk or food or the infant formula

    Warning: Don’t give the capsules directly to babies, infants or children that could have difficult swallowing them.